Community and Public Health Nursing Reflection Essay

Community and Public Health Nursing Reflection Courtney Austin NUR/405 8/11/2014 Community and Public Health Nursing Reflection Maricopa community schools are the local schools for the Gila River Indian Community. Native American children attending these schools are generally obese and do not participate in extra-curricular activities. The Leading Health Indicator (LHI) that applies is Children and adolescents who are considered obese. Recognizing this LHI, nursing diagnoses can be generated followed by nursing interventions and finally a community health partnership that will positively influence obesity. Also, while exploring these various steps, examples of how nursing can advocate community change will be shown.†¦show more content†¦154). Native Americans are also theorized to be genetically predisposed born with more adipose fat which is never lost and increases throughout adolescence, leading to obesity in adulthood (Richards Peterson, 2006, pg. 88). Furthermore, their diets tend to be high in saturated fat and sugar (88). These epidemiological influences are worsened because of the lac k of facilities available on the reservation. Utilizing this information, the following nursing diagnoses can be made regarding Native American obesity; deficient community health, imbalanced nutrition, and sedentary lifestyle. First, a healthy community â€Å"is described by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2010 report is one that continuously creates and improves both its physical and social environments, helping people to support one another in aspects of daily life and to develop to their fullest potential† (Healthy Places). In order to address the deficient community health, a community health event could be planned that checks weight, height, cholesterol and blood glucose levels. Also, at this event, education about health promotion and disease prevention would be beneficial in addressing the diabetes and obesity so prevalent within the Native American populace. Imbalanced nutrition can be because the body is not getting enoughShow MoreRelatedCommunity and Public Nursing Reflection Paper890 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity and Public Health Nursing Reflection Lorraine Gambino NUR/405 May 6, 2013 Bonnie Schoettle Community and Public Health Nursing Reflection Incorporating preventative recommendations into clinical work can be a complicated and multidimensional obligation. According to Silva, Cashman, Kunte, amp; Candib, â€Å"addressing preventative recommendation alone for patients in a typical day requires in excess of 7.4 hours† (2012). 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The Importance of Biodiversity Loss - 1087 Words

Biodiversity is defined as the variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat; typically, greater biodiversity is important and more desirable in a given habitat. Greater biological diversity promotes economic and social welfare, and improves the likelihood that future generations will survive and succeed. Our planet contains a wide variety of plants, animals, and microorganisms that have learned to survive and flourish in a number of different habitats, from the wet jungles of the Amazon to the dry heat of the Mojave Desert to the icy cold tundra of Antarctica. Every species has a role to play in their respective environments. A balanced ecosystem ensures that no organism wipes out any other organism, and a diverse ecosystem ensures that catastrophic events, such as a plague or a change in the weather, will not extinguish an entire specie or destroy an entire habitat. Only recently has humanity come to appreciate the role biodiversity plays in nature. Ironically, the threat to biodiversity has never been greater than it is today. The actions of humans have led to desertification, global warming, and deforestation, all of which destroy habitats and eradicates species. Biodiversity loss is not a recent phenomenon. The extinction of the dinosaurs, possibly as a result of climate change, is one historical example of biodiversity loss. Humans have also hunted, fished, or displaced numerous plants and animals into extinction. However, in the past century, theShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Biodiversity On The Environment1323 Words   |  6 Pages Furthermore, it is a proven fact that biodiversity changes influence â€Å"the flow of ecosystem services†, i.e. benefits that people receive from ecosystems, including such services as provisioning, cultural, and regulating ones (Perrings 1). 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The number of species of plants, animals and microorganisms and the various genes in these species, different ecosystems such as deserts, rainforests and coral reefs are all part of a biologically diverse Earth. Hence Biodiversity impacts everything. We will discuss how Biodiversity plays a crucial role on social, environmental, and economic factors. We will also discuss what areRead MoreImpacts Of Biodiversity Loss On The Planet1281 Words   |  6 Pagesecosystems. One of these noted effects is the drastic rise in the extinction rate of plant and animal species. Anil Markandya, from the Basque center for Climate Change and author of â€Å"The Economic Feedbacks of Loss of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services† writes, â€Å"The topic of biodiversity loss has been the subject of a vast and growing scientific and economic literature. 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A fuller definition is given in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) from the 1992 Earth summit: ‘Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part ; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems’ (Hambler, C., 2004

Three most important elements that contribute to success Free Essays

Three most Important elements that contribute to success In business doing. It is said that, â€Å"nothing ventured, nothing gained† to indicate that someone should do business if he or she wants to be rich. However, business is not easy and being successful in business doing is a more difficult thing. We will write a custom essay sample on Three most important elements that contribute to success or any similar topic only for you Order Now I myself think that there are three most important elements that contribute to success in business doing. First and foremost, One of the most important factor that contributes to success In business doing Is the employer. In fact, the leaders are who set up and operate different components of a business such as: direction In enterprise, human supervision, choosing target markets and calling for investment. Actually, in order to establish a business, presidents have to carefully think about what they will sell and who their customers are. In addition, good employers will know how to find out best employees who also contribute to success of business and have flexible and suitable policies to keep employees’ faithful for a long time. Moreover, they themselves will coverer potential markets with various ways and develop It the support of effective co-workers. Another hard responsibility of masters is calling for investment. It is a difficult progress that requires them to concentrate their own capacity and experiences to convince investors believe in their products and potential developing in the future. So, the leaders who make huge and main success of a enterprise. Another main element contributing to success in business doing is the government support. In order to create favorable conditions for businessmen, the overspent may offer preferential policy In tax. Accordingly, there will be a period of 5-10 years when businessmen enjoy tax exemption or reduction. Furthermore, the government may give priority to businessmen by assigning land plots as business location with low land use right. There will be more support in site clearance, too. Businessmen can have more advantages in selling their products as they do not bother to find market. The government will use subsidy policy by which businessmen commodity are secured In contracts or enhanced by free remonstration. Last but not least, it is production technology that affect enterprise’s business. This can be clearly proved in the current society with high competition. Truly, the more are the customers’ requirements stern the more does enterprise’s production line need to be improved better. For example, one of the most successful Vietnamese products In the world Is pottery of Mini Long company. At first, It was built up from craft villages and almost pottery products were made by workmen who have good opacity, then this company invested a lot of modern technological lines to manufacture much more beautiful pottery products. Nowadays, they have been exporting many products to a great deal of different nations consisting of markets with high criteria such as Europe, United Kingdom, united State†¦ This demonstration represents the success by using modern technology in producing progress. In conclusion, to succeed In business doing we need to have a lot of different think that are most important and it is elements that contribute to success in business doing. How to cite Three most important elements that contribute to success, Papers

Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance Principles and Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction Corporate governance is the set of activities and regulations by which board of directors direct and manages the operations of a company and ensures fairness, responsibility, and transparency in corporations while dealing with its stakeholders. The stakeholder of a firm includes consumers, government, shareholders, investors, creditors, environment, community and many others. Many modern organisations have adopted corporate social responsibility policies to ensure the satisfaction of multiple stakeholders but, many experts believe that it reduces a corporations performance and growth. The stakeholder approach is based upon various theories of justice, ethics, and morality and it has a positive impact on the society. Many experts support the stakeholder approach by stating that company is not a profit machine, it has several moral duties towards society and stakeholders. There are several stakeholders theories that can be applied by the directors; these theories focus on fulfilling the requirements of multiple stakeholders. This report will analyse various articles on shareholder and stakeholder approach to understand their influence and importance in a corporations growth. The impact of stakeholder approach over society will be discussed in the report as well. Further, the report will evaluate multiple theories of justice and corporate governance to understand their impact on a company. Purpose The key purpose of this report is to analyse the articles provided by multiple experts regarding shareholder and stakeholder approach. The primary focus of the report will be in the articles submitted by Milton Friedman and R. Edward Freeman (and others) regarding the stakeholder and shareholder approach. Further, the report will also discuss benefits of implementing a broader view by a firm. The report will evaluate various theories of justice to determine the social role of a company towards the development of society. The report will analyse multiple corporate social responsibility theories that can be applied by directors in a firm for the fulfillment of their social responsibility. The report will provide few suggestions that can be implemented by directors for effective implementation of corporate governance. Scope The report primarily focuses on articles, journals, books or studies provided by experts regarding shareholder and stakeholder theory. The articles submitted by Milton Friedman and R. Edward Freeman will be the primary focus of the report. Many other opinions and researches conducted by theorist will be discussed to understand the role of corporate governance in a firm Literature Review A shareholder is an individual, corporation or any other institution that invest its money in the shares of a company, the shareholders are considered as the owner of an organisation, and they benefit and loss based on the performance of the enterprise. As per Ayuson and Argandona (2009), the directors are responsible towards shareholder, and they must maximise the value of shareholders. Many theorists believe that the primary objective of a company is to maximise the profits for its shareholders. However, many articles and academic journal assert that modern corporations prefer to adopt a stakeholders strategy. The shareholder theory has been widely challenged in previous few years; many experts believe that solely focusing on profit maximisation is wrong and immoral. The concept of corporate social responsibility is prominent in between modern companies; the CSR theory provides that a company has moral duties towards its multiple stakeholders. Smith (2003) argued that both stakehol der and shareholder theories are normative concepts that mean they contain a provision regarding what corporation role ought to be. According to Cooper (2017), todays modern firms can expand their business in different companies and their actions considerably affect various sections of society, therefore, implement stakeholder policy is an oversimplification of the complex role of organisations. Friedman (2007) argued that it is wrong to consider that a company has social responsibilities towards the society, a firm is an artificial person and it has artificial responsibilities. The primary role of a corporation is to satisfy their shareholders' needs because they invest in the enterprise and face the risk of loss. The purpose of directors should be clear; they should perform actions by complying with the common law to maximise the value of shareholders. Friedman (2007) stated in his article that unless a company is incorporated for a particular non-profit purpose, such as a hospital, welfare institute or school, its primary focus should be profit maximisation. According to Fisch (2005), if director implement the social responsibilities approach, then companys primary focus shifted from profit making to the welfare of society, which can be detrimental to the development of an enterprise. The shareholders face major risk in an organisation because they invest their capital in companys stock. Therefore, the directors should only focus on enhancing the shareholder value. As per Friedman (2007), the stakeholder's interest should be secondary in a company because without fulfilling the benefit of the shareholder, the company cannot satisfy its objectives. Friedman (2007) argued that the concept of corporations social responsibility is provided by the trade unions and activist groups to justify the transaction of a company which will not be otherwise benefited from its interest. Boatright (2006) provided that for achieving the growth in business, it is necessary that the company fulfills the requirement of stakeholders, but, he argued that it is not the duty of directors to create policies regarding the same. The directors are an agent of shareholders, and their primary focus should be improving the value of shareholders, the interest of other stakeholders should not be the concern of directors. If the shareholders value increases in a company, the interest of other stakeholders fulfilled through the market. According to Boatright (2006), the directors should not formulate corporate policies for the stakeholders; they can achieve that by focusing on shareholders interest. A different theory was given by Freeman, Harrison, and Wicks (20 07); they provided the importance of stakeholders in a company and its positive impact on the companys operations. The growth in corporations increased their impact on the society; the companies have a moral duty to satisfy the interest of various sections of the community. Freeman, Harrison, and Wicks (2007) stated that it is the responsibility of directors to ensure that actions of the company are fulfilling the interest of various stakeholders. Effective policies of corporate governance are necessary for a company to ensure satisfaction of their stakeholders, and directors should formulate plans to ensure satisfaction of multiple stakeholders. Many theorists have also provided different theories from shareholder and stakeholder approach. Bainbridge (2005) presented a theory called Director Primacy Model which provides that directors are responsible for the activities of corporate governance, therefore, they should be in the center of a firm. To maximise shareholder value, directors should be able to decide in a corporation without review from any other parties; the shareholders should not have the power to review the decision of directors since it retrains their power to operate a business efficiently. Another similar theory was provided by Million ( 2010) called Enlightened Shareholder Value. The theory focus on improving the shareholders worth by providing absolute power to the directors of a firm, the directors power is original, and it cannot be delegated to any other parties. According to Parmar et al. (2010), the directors best understand business, therefore, they should be able to decide the relevancy of each shareholder and formulate policies according to such relevancy. These theories did not popularise because there have several flaws, such as the theory did not consider the interest of creditors or give them relevance. There is lack of proper safety mechanism if directors decide to take unfair advantage of their powers and there is no method of measuring good faith of directors. As per Jensen (2002), it is not beneficial and productive for a company to argue over the importance of shareholder and stakeholders, both parties are depending upon the performance of an organisation which can be achieved by implementing stakeholders approach. Stout (2013) argues that the directors should focus on value maximisation of stakeholders and formulate policies achieve such objectives. The role of modern corporations has increased due to the advancement of technol ogy, regulations, and governments. The directors should ascertain their moral duty towards society and formulate corporate policies to achieve such objectives. Advantage of Adopting and Broader View Many theorists criticise the shareholder approach and enforce the implementation of stakeholders approach in modern corporations and provide that without fulfillment of stakeholders interest a company cannot achieve growth. As per Laplume, Sonpar, and Litz (2008), a stakeholder includes individual, organization or any other institute that has a financial interest in the operation of a firm or gets affected by the practices of the company. The example of stakeholders includes employees, consumers, government, environment, creditors, shareholders and many others. The stakeholders are categorised into three parts: primary, secondary and territory. The primary stakeholder is an integral part of a company; they have a financial interest in the performance of a firm and loss or gain based on the return of an enterprise. The example of primary stakeholders includes consumers, employees, shareholders, creditors, investors and many others. The secondary stakeholders did not have any financial interest in business operations, but they get influenced by the performance of a company, they are also called external stakeholders. The secondary stakeholders include media, community, public and many others. According to Sweeney and Coughlan (2008), the tertiary stakeholders neither have any financial interest in a company, nor they get affected by its operations but their opinions positively or adversely influence the companys performance. The example of tertiary stakeholders includes activist groups, government, environment and many others. A significant part of society gets covered in primary and secondary stakeholders, which prove that actions of a company influence a large section of society. Modern corporations are focusing more on stakeholders interest due to the popularity of corporate social responsibility provisions, the concept of a company being profit making machine is changing slowly in the market. The corporate s ocial responsibility principles ensure that directors formulate policies regarding the satisfaction of multiple stakeholders interest. As per the study of Martin (2010), two variables cannot be satisfied at a single time that means a company cannot meet consumer and shareholder interest at the same time. The satisfaction of shareholders will hurdle in benefit of consumers and vice versa. Usually, directors prefer to fulfill the interest of shareholders because it attracts more shareholders investment, but according to Martin (2010), that is a wrong approach. The dividend of shareholders is provided after the reduction of statutory payments such as salaries, the interest on loans and taxes. The shareholders focus on future profit of a company instead of present value, for attracting a large number of shareholders the companies are required to sustain their growth. As per Greenwood and Van Buren (2010), it is impossible for companies to maintain their development for an indefinite period; therefore they should focus on improving stakeholders value instead of enhancing shareholders worth. The improvement in stakeholder s value will allow the companies to attract a large number of investments from the shareholders which will assist in sustaining the growth of the business. Justice Theories Manners (2008) stated that the normative ethics is related to the philosophical ethics which focus on examine the moral and ethical practices. The normative ethics analyses the rightness and wrongness of an ethical belief, it performs an empirical study into the view of peoples. For example, if individual beliefs that conducting fraud is wrong that the normative ethics evaluate that whether it is right or wrong to hold such an opinion by a person. The justices are defined as fairness by Rawls (2009); he stated that justice is divided into two parts. The first part provides that society should be strutted in a way to ensure that each section has equal liberty; another party must not infringe the rights of a person. The second part prohibits the discrimination between individuals in a society unless it is necessary to discriminate a minority party to provide them benefits. Rawls (2009) also ensures that the person who possesses power must not prohibit the opportunity of another party f or gaining such strength. According to Bowie (2017), the Kantian View theory by given by Immanuel Kant which focuses on the equal status of stakeholders in a company, the directors should ensure that company is formulating necessary policies for the satisfaction of all stakeholders. These theories focus on directors responsibility towards stakeholders and the requirement of better social responsibility policies in a company. The theories focus on the moral responsibility of directors and the role of stakeholders in a company. Many theorists have provided opposite views over the same matter, for example, Jeremy Benthams Utilitarian theory. As per Renouard (2011), the Utilitarian theory provides an opposite view over the Kantian theory which provides that instead of focusing on achieving stakeholders interest, the director should perform their duties within the law. The maximisation of shareholders value assists in satisfaction of the interest of other stakeholders; directors are not required to formulate speci fic policies for different stakeholders. Numerous experts have criticised the Utilitarian theory; they believed that this approach could not be applied to modern corporations since it does not have any practical use. According to Rawls (2009), by distributing the wealth more equally (not evenly) between stakeholders, a company can sustain their future development. If the company only focus on improving shareholders value than the resources will only be provided to the shareholders, and it creates a problem of discrimination. The discrimination between stakeholders reduces the growth of a company because it reduces its reputation and business. By efficiently implementing corporate governance principles, the directors can satisfy the interest of stakeholders. As per Zakhem (2008), the directors have a duty of care toward multiple stakeholders that means it is their responsibility to ensure that equal protection is given to each stakeholder. The directors have a fiduciary duty towards the company which requires them to perform their actions morally and in good faith of the corporation. Directors should avoid the discrimination in an organization, and strict policies should be implemented to prevent any mistreatment of stakeholder. Laczniak and Murphy (2012) stated that each stakeholder is a crucial part of a corporate structure and directors are morally responsible towards them; the corporate social responsibility principles ensure that directors analyse the requirement of stakeholders and formulate policies to meet such requirements. The duty of care must be fulfilled by the directors while performing their responsibilities of corporate governance. Theories of Corporate Governance To ensure the fulfillment of their duty of care, the directors can implement various approaches to corporate governance which provide proper achievement of stakeholders interest. According to Lee (2008), in modern times, the principle of corporate social responsibility is significantly popular between the corporations. The corporate social responsibility allows companies to incorporate policies of environmental and social welfare into the business structure. The CSR policies are self-regulated by the enterprises and directors construct such systems into corporations business structure. The CSR regulations assist companies in complying with various national and international laws regarding moral, ethical and legislative matters. Carroll (2008) stated that the CSR policies did not just focus on compliance of statutory rules instead it emphasis on the social responsibilities of a company towards the society. The CSR policy is benefited for international corporations since they deal with different domestic and international regulations and it ensures that the company fulfills each stakeholder's interest. Mele (2008) provided that by implementing an efficient CSR model, a company can achieve various advantages such as positive reputation, improved trading, international brand recognition, better financial performance, and improved employees productivity. It also benefits enterprise in recruitment and retention process since it attracts and retains talented employees, the procedure of accessing investment also become more accessible for companies. Bocken et al. (2016) provided that a company can adopt a 'circular economy' approach for improvement of business operations; it benefits the company in various ways such as reduction of wastage in raw material, saving of energy, and improved employees productivity. The company can achieve that by implementing various methods such as recycling, reuse of material, building long-lasting products, proper maintenance, and repair of machinery. According to Porter et al. (2011), the Creating shared value approach is another theory which benefits directors into establishing a positive environment for the stakeholders. The CSV policy creates a link between competitive strategy and CSR principles, it allows in creating a healthy competitive environment in the industry. As per Banerjee (2008), the CSV value creates equal opportunities for different stakeholders and develops each section of society; it allows company into identifying and capitalise the financial and social development in the ind ustry. These strategies allow the companies to fulfill their moral duties towards society and assist in the growth of the company. The role of modern corporations has enhanced, and the directors are responsible towards multiple stakeholders, by implementing these theories, the director can ensure the equal satisfaction of stakeholders interest in the company which benefits the society as well. Conclusion and Recommendations From the above observations, it can be concluded that the modern corporations have duties towards different stakeholders. The benefit of stakeholders can improve the growth of a company, and it benefits various sections of society. Many theorists argued that stakeholders approach is detrimental to the growth of a company since it shifts the focus from profit maximisation. But, many studies have provided that stakeholder approach benefits enterprise in several ways which sustain its development such as improved reputation, positive brand recognition, and easy availability of investment. A company should adopt a broader view of business structure because it benefits various parts of society and assists the enterprise in fulfilling their social responsibilities. Various theories of justice also provide that directors have a duty of care towards its stakeholders, and they should formulate policies to satisfy the interest of stakeholders. Directors can adopt many theories for the satisfac tion of stakeholders interest such as CSV, CSR, and circular economy. These approaches assist modern corporations in fulfilling their social responsibilities and provide various benefits to the section of society. As per my recommendation, a company should adopt stakeholder approach rather than shareholder primacy theory; it will assist in overall development of the firm and sustain future growth of the business. Before implementing stakeholders approach, the directors should analyse the number of stakeholders in the company and analyse their interest and requirements. The corporate policies should be according to the interest of stakeholders; the policies must equally cover the requirement of each stakeholder. Directors must ensure proper implementation of policies in the corporations, and they have to monitor the organisational environment constantly. The policies should be changed in case any external or internal factors affect the interest of stakeholders. By implementing this approach, a company can fulfill its moral responsibility and assist in the development of society. References Ayuso, S. and Argandoa, A., 2009. 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